1. Enhancing Mechanical Properties (Core Function)
• Increasing Hardness and Wear Resistance: e.g., quenching forms hard martensite in steel for wear-prone components like gears and cutting tools.
• Boosting Strength: Processes like quenching + tempering or aging hardening significantly improve yield/tensile strength for high-load parts (shafts, bolts).
• Improving Toughness: Treatments like tempering reduce brittleness and enhance impact resistance for critical components (pressure vessels, pipelines).
• Optimizing Ductility: Annealing softens materials to improve formability (stamping, drawing).
2. Eliminating Internal Stresses
• Stress Relieving: Removes residual stresses from casting, welding, or machining to prevent:
- Deformation during use/service
- Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) in corrosive environments
- Reduced fatigue strength
3. Improving Processability
• Annealing/Normalizing: Lowers hardness for better machinability and tool life.
• Spheroidizing: Refines carbides in high-carbon steels for cold-working (cold heading).
4. Refining Material Microstructure
• Grain Refinement: Normalizing/annealing creates uniform, fine-grained structures for balanced mechanical properties.
• Microstructure Homogenization: Eliminates compositional segregation.
5. Achieving Special Properties
• Corrosion Resistance: Solution treatment restores optimal corrosion resistance in stainless steels/nickel alloys.
• High-Temperature Performance: Enhances creep resistance in heat-resistant alloys.
• Magnetic Properties: Annealing optimizes magnetic permeability in electrical steels.
6. Surface Modification
• Case Hardening Techniques:
- Carburizing/Carbonitriding: Hardens low-carbon steel surfaces (gears, camshafts).
- Nitriding: Creates wear/corrosion-resistant surface layers with minimal distortion (precision tools).
- Induction/Flame Hardening: Localized surface hardening.
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